Page 306 - 360.revista de Alta Velocidad - Nº 6

Berrios Villalba, Antonio. Martínez Acevedo, José Conrado. Tobajas Guerra, Carlos. Gómez Alors, Antonio.

KEYNOTE

Currently the supercapacitors are classified in accordance with the materials with which they
are manufactured. There are mainly four types:
• Electrolytic double layer carbon spanner supercapacitors. The main are used sulphuric
acid and potassium or sodium hydroxide. In them the solution dissociates into positive ions
of sodium or potassium, which accumulates a greater power in the presence of voltage
increase of the attraction between loads.

• Not electrolytic carbon double-layer interfaces supercapacitors. The main are finished
products such as Aerogels, soles, carbon and carbon nanotubes. The Suns are dispersions
of solids in liquid found in Brownian motion indefinitely. On the other hand, a gel is a solid
that has a large amount of fluid and a structure that allows that both phases combined
are. Elected in water metal oxide is formed for the formation of soles for capacitors, high
temperatures or with an excess of base to form the Sun. Then the Sun is gelated sent by
dehydration or pH increase. Organic soles with resorcinol can also form formaldehyde. The
result of the process is the formation of a very porous homogenous material that allows a
high capacitance. If the Sun is combined with the carbon interface is calculated that you
can achieve a capacitance of 400 farads per gram.

• Aqueous supercapacitors of double layer with redox pseudo-capacitance oxide. The
main are lithium oxide, ruthenium dioxide, dioxide of Iridium, cobalt oxide and manganese
dioxide. The supercapacitors can be manufactured according to the methodology of the
previous section to develop a Sun. Another way to get it is by the deposition of metal oxide
by means of a procedure of electrolysis. There have been investigations where capacitances
of 400 Fg with ruthenium oxide have reached. Most profitable around 50 Fg supercapacitors
has been with nickel oxide. An alternative way to generate the pore structure is the addition
of lithium oxide to metal such as Platinum; This material add you acid to remove lithium
and keep the porous structure of scale Nano.
• Conductive polymer supercapacitors. Conductive polymer as an organic substance that
conducts electricity in a metal-like way, with good reversibility between State conducting
and non-conducting and mechanical flexibility is defined. The main are of polypyrrol and
polyaniline and polythiophene. They have a density greater than 500 Watts per kilogram
energy, and even its capacitance properties are studied.

Supercapacitors research is motivated by the enormous advantages that its use represents the
development of electrical circuits:

• Great period of operation
• Ability to handle high current values
• Easy to monitor load value
• High efficiency

• Wide range of voltage
• Wide range of temperature

• Long operating cycles
• Ease of maintenance
The life of a supercapacitor decreases as increases its capacitance, but currently there are
devices that exceed a lifespan of twenty years with losses in the voltage supplied about a volt.
Due to these properties of life and management of voltage and current, the supercapacitors
have been used in various applications:

304 360.revista de alta velocidad