Page 42 - 360.revista de Alta Velocidad - Nº 6
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Delaplace, Marie.






                      Table 2. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (current and constant $), gross
                    national income (GNI) per capita and Human Development Index (HDI) in developing
                                             countries with HSLs or HSR projects

                                                                           Gross national
                                     GDP per capita     GDP per capita                        GNI per capita
                      Country          in current $    (PPP constant $      income (GNI)     rank minus HDI
                                         (2016)        of 2011) (2016)     per capita in $         rank
                                                                             PPP (2015)
                                             Countries with lower‐middle income

                  India                   1,709              6,092              5,663               ‐4
                  Vietnam                 2,185              5,955             10,053               18
                  Morocco                 2,832              7,266              7,195               ‐4
                  Egypt                   3,514             10,319             10,064               ‐7
                  Indonesia               3,570             10,764             10,053               ‐8
                  South Africa            5,273             12,260             12,087              ‐30
                                             Countries with upper‐middle income
                  Thailand                5,907             15,681             14,519              ‐11
                  Iran                    6,530*            16,010*            16,395               ‐2
                  Kazakhstan              7,510             23,419             22,093               ‐3
                  China                   8,123             14,400             13,345               ‐7

                  Mexico                  8,201             16,831             16,383               ‐9
                  Brazil                  8,649             14,023             14,145              ‐19
                  Russia                  8,748             24,026             23,286               1

                  Malaysia                9,502             25,660             24,620              ‐13
                  Turkey                  10,787            23,679             18,705               ‐7
                            Source: based on data from the Human Development Report, 2016 (GNI per capita and HDI); OECD
                                  2017 (GDP per capita in $ PPP); World Bank 2017 (current GDP per capita/inhab.).


                 * 2014 data

                 But  they  are  also  characterized  by  significant  inequalities  –  although  these  vary  from  one
                 country to another – especially in terms of education and health, as reflected by their Human
                 Development Indices. With the exception of Russia and Vietnam, taking into account education
                 and life expectancy induces a lower ranking for these countries compared with the ranking
                 obtained by taking into account GNI per capita only .
                                                                    4
                 Moreover, income inequalities are also higher than they are in developed countries: “Developing
                 countries  tend  to  exhibit  wider  within‐country  inequality  relative  to  developed  countries”
                 (World Bank, 2016, p. 10). Indeed, as shown by Kuznets in 1955, during the take‐off period,
                 growth is highly unequal because only a small percentage of the population benefits from the
                 growth of national income  induced by this industrialization.
                                           5



                 4   Luxembourg is the only developed country with a high‐speed rail service characterized by such a low ranking.
                 5   Then, after a peak, inequalities diminish to form an inverted U. The existence of this inverted U‐curve has been demonstrated
                 econometrically very recently (Lessmann, 2014).


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